HEALTH CARE IN SLAVONIAN PROVINCE DURING THE 19th CENTURY / Zdravstvena skrb u slavonskom Provincijalu tijekom 19. stoljeca

Due to its proximity to the Ottoman Empire, Slavonia was constantly exposed to the threat of invasion by numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases. An additional aggravating circumstance was the poor living and hygienic conditions in Slavonia, poverty, droughts, and floods. After the withdrawal of the Ottomans at the end of the 17th century, medical care was provided only by a few barbers and 'ranarniks' (i.e., feldshers) who remained in the Slavonian province. Due to the poor medical care, in 1770, the Empress and Queen Maria Theresa issued the General Health Law, which applied to the entire Habsburg Monarchy, including Slavonia. Among other things, it provided for the introduction of formal training for health personnel, ultimately leading to a better quality medical workforce. At the same time, charlatans were increasingly prohibited from working. The shortage of trained physicians, dentists, midwives, pharmacists, and veterinarians was addressed through various measures to promote their education and training. After obtaining their diplomas, these professionals were employed in hospitals, old people's homes, nursing homes, homes for people with disabilities, and other healthcare institutions where the inhabitants of the Slavonian province received medical care.

The Great Migration and Healthcare to Black America.

The Great Migration, the movement of 6,000,000 black Americans from the South to the great urban centers of the eastern seaboard, the industrial Midwest, and West Coast port cities from roughly 1915-1970, was one of the defining demographic events in American history. It dwarfed the 100,000 49ers who swarmed westward in search of gold, the incarceration of 110,000 Japanese to concentration camps in the American interior during World War II, and the 300,000 Okies who escaped the Dust Bowl to California. In the words of writer Isabel Wilkerson, "[It] swept a good portion of all the black people alive in the United States at the time into a river that carried them to all points north and west."Blacks crammed into urban districts rife with crime and communicable disease, subjecting them to risks of death far higher than their proportion of the population. Without access to adequate inpatient hospital facilities, they received care in public hospitals run by hospital staffs that excluded black physicians from their membership and medical schools that refused admission to black students. The untenable health station of Black America was one of the leading causes of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, activism that succeeded in integrating the hospitals and medical schools by federal acts passed in 1964 and 1965 that transformed American medicine.

On Kidney and Bladder Diseases in Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan by Physician Dawud b. 'Umar al-Antaki.

OBJECTIVES: Dawud b. 'Umar al-Antaki, known as the Avicenna of his time, was an Ottoman physician and scholar who wrote medical texts in Arabic in the 16th century. He was taught by an Iranian medical scholar, Muhammad Sharif, in the fields of logic, physical sciences, Greek, and medicine. After leaving Antioch, he traveled to Lebanon and then to Damascus, where he began writing his work, Tadhkiratu uli l-albab wa l-jami' li l-'ajab al-'ujab. Dawud b. 'Umar al-Antaki settled in Egypt, where he taught at the Zahiriyya Madrasa and practiced medicine before dying in Mecca in 1599. Here, we examined al-Antaki's writings on kidney and bladder diseases in his work Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We translated sections on kidney and bladder diseases into English and compared Ilter Uzel's copy of Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan with a printed copy. We compared the relevant sections of Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan with the relevant sections of other important works of al-Antaki, al-Nuzhat al-mubhija fi tashhidh al-adhhan wa ta'dil al-amzija, and Tadhkiratu uli l-albab wa l-jami' li l-'ajab al-'ujab. The similarities and differences between these works were revealed. RESULTS: Kidney and bladder diseases are briefly discussed in Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan under the headings "amrad al-kula wa l-mathana," "al-hisa," and "harqan al-bawl wa taqtiruhu." CONCLUSIONS: Issues concerning kidney and bladder diseases are addressed more briefly in Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan than in al-Nuzhat al-mubhija fi tashhidh al-adhhan wa ta'dil al-amzija. Tadhkiratu uli l-albab wa l-jami' li l-'ajab al-'ujab consists solely of kidney and bladder stones. When these works are combined, the information in them complements each other.

Aimé Jacques Alexandre Goujaud (Apodado Bonpland): médico y naturalista: 250 años de su nacimiento 1773-2023: sus vínculos con el Uruguay / Aimé Jacques Alexandre Goujaud (Apodado Bonpland): physician and naturalist: 250 years of his birth 1773-2023: his links with Uruguay / Aimé Jacques Alexandre Goujaud (Apodado Bonpland): médico e naturalista: 250 anos de seu nascimento 1773-2023: seus vínculos com o Uruguai

Se conmemoran en 2023 los 250 años del nacimiento de Bonpland, francés, médico y naturalista, botánico y viajero, hacendado y político que transitó en el siglo XIX por los cuatro países que hoy integran el Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR). En Argentina por Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes y Misiones; en Uruguay reiteradamente en Montevideo; en Paraguay por Santa María de Fe, Itapúa y Asunción; en Brasil por San Borja en Rio Grande del Sur. Vino al Río de la Plata atraído por promesas que no se cumplieron luego de explorar parte de América con el barón Alexander von Humboldt y encargarse como intendente botánico de los jardines de Malmaison, la residencia de la emperatriz Josefina, primera esposa de Napoleón Bonaparte. No pudo retornar a su patria, Francia y terminó sus días -ya octogenario- en un apartado pueblo correntino, donde hubo que sepultarlo de apuro por carecer de medios de embalsamamiento que permitieran trasladar su cuerpo a la capital provincial.

The year 2023 marks the 250th anniversary of the birth of Bonpland, Frenchman, physician and naturalist, botanist and traveler, landowner and politician who traveled in the 19th century through the four countries that today make up the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). In Argentina, he visited Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes and Misiones; in Uruguay, Montevideo; in Paraguay, Santa María de Fe, Itapúa and Asunción; in Brazil, San Borja in Rio Grande do Sul. He came to the Rio de la Plata attracted by promises that were not fulfilled after exploring part of America with Baron Alexander von Humboldt and taking charge as botanical intendant of the gardens of Malmaison, the residence of the Empress Josephine, first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. He could not return to his homeland, France, and ended his days -already an octogenarian- in a remote town of Corrientes, where he had to be buried in a hurry due to the lack of embalming means to transfer his body to the provincial capital.

O ano de 2023 marca o 250º aniversário do nascimento de Bonpland, o francês, médico e naturalista, botânico e viajante, proprietário de terras e político que viajou no século XIX pelos quatro países que hoje formam o Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL). Na Argentina, ele viajou por Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes e Misiones; no Uruguai, viajou várias vezes para Montevidéu; no Paraguai, para Santa María de Fe, Itapúa e Assunção; no Brasil, para São Borja, no Rio Grande do Sul. Ele veio para o Rio de la Plata atraído por promessas que não foram cumpridas depois de explorar parte da América com o Barão Alexander von Humboldt e assumir o cargo de intendente botânico dos jardins de Malmaison, a residência da Imperatriz Josefina, a primeira esposa de Napoleão Bonaparte. Ele não pôde retornar à sua terra natal, a França, e terminou seus dias - já octogenário - em um vilarejo remoto na província de Corrientes, onde teve que ser enterrado às pressas devido à falta de equipamentos de embalsamamento que permitissem que seu corpo fosse transferido para a capital da província.

Sir William Osler's fatal trip to Scotland: "Mrs M" and the University Grants Committee.

On 23 September 1919, Sir William Osler, after a telephone call from his friend Dyson Perrins, went to Glasgow where he saw a 40-year-old woman, Bethia Fulton Martin, in consultation with three local physicians. Osler called it "one of those remarkable Erythema cases (all sorts of skin lesions and three months on and off consolidation of both lower lobes)." Mrs Martin died 114 days later; her death certificate listed "angioneurotic oedema with chronic nephritis" and "tuberculous enlargement of the mediastinal lymph nodes." Osler died 18 days before Mrs Martin of complications from a respiratory infection acquired on his way home from Scotland. We discuss factors that possibly prompted Osler to go to Scotland, including his role with the newly formed University Grants Committee, and the differential diagnosis of the case, which is mainly between systemic lupus erythematosus and Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

Centenario de la radiodifusión en el Uruguay (1922 ­ 2022): médicos en su inicio / Centenary of radio broadcasting in Uruguay (1922 - 2022): doctors at the beginning / Centenário da radiodifusão no Uruguai (1922 - 2022): médicos em seu início

En 2022 se cumplen 100 años del comienzo formal de la radiodifusión en el Uruguay. Varios médicos estuvieron vinculados y desempeñaron un rol dominante en su inicio y en las actividades culturales desarrolladas a partir de la instalación de las radioemisoras.

The year 2022 marks the 100th anniversary of the formal beginning of radio broadcasting in Uruguay. Several physicians were linked to and played a dominant role in its beginning and in the cultural activities developed since the installation of radio stations.

2022 marca o 100º aniversário do início formal das transmissões de rádio no Uruguai. Vários médicos estiveram envolvidos e desempenharam um papel dominante em seu início e nas atividades culturais desenvolvidas desde a instalação das estações de rádio.

Periscyphismus and Section of the Temporal Vessels: Two Byzantine Surgical Remedies for Headache Relief.

Headache is a prevalent clinical symptom and condition, whose management has been challenging from the antiquity to the 21st century. Physicians in the Greek, Roman and Byzantine antiquity employed surgical techniques to treat headache in patients presenting with persistent symptoms that were not alleviated with conservative means. A survey in the medical literature of the period reveals that two surgical procedures, periscyphismus and section of the temporal vessels, were developed for this purpose. The present study describes the techniques presented in the sources of the period and elaborates on their evolution and influence across different historical periods and contexts.

Voyager pour apprendre : les Canadiens reçus docteurs en médecine à Paris au XIXe siècle.

Thirteen Canadians obtained a doctoral degree from the Faculty of Medicine of Paris between 1822 and 1905. Their studies in France played a decisive role in some of the major trends of 19th-century Canadian history: the formation of a French-Canadian professional bourgeoisie, the formalization of diplomatic ties between Canada and France, the development of bacteriology in America, and the rise of French-Canadian nationalism at the turn of the 20th century. This article traces the careers of these medical doctors by using unpublished sources, mainly their student files and doctoral theses, located through the Pierre Moulinier database and made available by the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Santé of the Université Paris-Descartes. By examining these doctors' travels to Paris, it shows the impact on the Canadian medical profession of the relationship between a former North American colony and its former imperial capital.

Treize Canadiens sont reçus docteurs à la Faculté de médecine de Paris entre 1822 et 1905. Leurs séjours en France jouent un rôle déterminant dans certaines tendances majeures de l'histoire canadienne du XIXe siècle, notamment la formation d'une bourgeoisie professionnelle canadienne-française, l'officialisation des liens diplomatiques entre le Canada et la France, l'essor de la bactériologie en Amérique et la montée du nationalisme canadien-français au tournant du XXe siècle. Grâce à des sources inédites, principalement les dossiers étudiants et les thèses doctorales recueillis dans le fichier Pierre Moulinier de la Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Santé de l'Université Paris-Descartes, cet article retrace les parcours de ces docteurs canadiens. En s'attardant à leurs séjours à Paris, il examine les effets sur la profession médicale des rapports entre une ancienne colonie d'Amérique du Nord et sa première capitale impériale.

[The "China rhizome" in Galenic medicine and pharmacology].

Smilacaceous Chinese herbs with the commercial name of "the China rhizome" were first imported to Europe as an alternative drug for syphilis treatment at the beginning of the 16th century. Its primary properties in Galenic medicine and pharmacology were designated as hot and dry, its secondary properties were believed removing, cleansing and relieving for inducing urination and perspiration, healing ulcers, and relieving numbness. Its reason for syphilis treatment was believed to be the property of discharging obsolete body fluid by intense sweating. Its processing method was mainly decoction, which had been normally used among western physicians since the 1st century. The interventions with it were medication and dietary therapies, considering the Galenic humoralism with the six "non-naturals elements" and other elements, such as the duration of diseases. It was believed to be neither "a drug for specific effects" nor a "panacea" based on the suppositions in Galenic medicine and pharmacy in terms of a variety of its usages. It was not highly praised by conventional medicine, demonstrating the influence of the debate on exotic drugs during the Period of Renaissance in Europe. The thinking about its usages almost fully came from classic western medicine. This embodies the conflicts between pharmaceutical practice and medical theory.

Dr. Howard A. Kelly's The Stereo Clinic: health science pedagogy and the egalitarian future of 3D clinical visualization.

This article situates emerging three-dimensional (3D) visualization technologies in the health sciences within the broader historical context of the stereoscope. Although 3D visualization technologies enhance pedagogy and deepen student engagement, they are generally cost-prohibitive and therefore inaccessible for many institutions. In light of this issue, the authors consider the work of American gynecologist and founding member of The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, Dr. Howard Atwood Kelly (1858-1943). A monumental work, Kelly's The Stereo Clinic is a multivolume publication whose focal point was the stereoscope, an image-viewing device that can be seen as a prototype for present-day 3D technologies. Each installment presents a step-by-step overview of a specific surgical procedure using a didactic narrative and corresponding stereoscopic images that illustrate the clinical practices. Significantly, Kelly understood The Stereo Clinic as an egalitarian project that provided high-quality educational resources to students and practicing physicians who did not have access to world-class clinical suites and teaching institutions. Furthermore, he viewed The Stereo Clinic as a remedy to the commonplace frustrations of medical education, such as crowded surgical suites, and the hazards of in-person observation. The Stereo Clinic is an important case study because it reveals a medical profession at the turn of the twentieth century preoccupied with 3D visualization. Inventive clinicians such as Kelly did not only advocate for this technology on the strength of its pedagogical value; they also articulated the equalitarian nature of this medium and produced 3D technology accessible to a wide audience.

Asclepion of Epidaurus: the application of a historical perspective in medical education.

BACKGROUND: The Asclepion of Epidaurus is one of the first healing environments in the world. Descendants of Asclepius, specifically medical students, have been singularly deprived of any information concerning this legacy. This article illuminates the role of Asclepion of Epidaurus and examines the view of medical students upon the subject and the possible benefits of this knowledge in their medical education. METHODS: The participants were 105 senior-year students from the Athens Medical School, who attended a multi-media assisted lecture related to the structure and the role of the Asclepion of Epidaurus. Afterwards, they answered anonymously a questionnaire of 12 pairs of opposite adjectives in order to describe their view regarding the meaning of Asclepion. The method used in the evaluation of their answers was that of semantic differential. RESULTS: The attitude of the students towards the meaning of Asclepion was positive, showing interest and excitement about a powerful, though unfamiliar piece of knowledge. CONCLUSION: Today's novice doctors have welcomed the concept of Asclepion as essential knowledge for the service they will be called to fulfill. The potential benefits of the Asclepian ideals in medical education and ethos are thoroughly discussed.

Murmullos en la ciudad. Humanización médica en clave de comedia romántica / Murmurs in the city. Medical humanization in romantic comedy key

Este filme se enfoca en parte de la historia de un médico según se expresa inicialmente en un escrito sobrepuesto Tal profesional es fundador de una clínica donde se aborda a los pacientes humanizada e integralmente. Aunque carece del carácter épico de otras producciones cinematográficas sobre médicos y Medicina, lo humanitario sobrevuela de manera constante a lo largo de la trama.Además, siendo una comedia romántica dramática no evita tratar algunos temas polémicos para el entonces vigente macartismo anticomunista.La susodicha humanización médica y este plus subyacente en una ficción apriorísticamente ligera estimuló y guio la redacción de este trabajo. (AU)

This film focuses on part of the story of a doctor as initially expressed in a superimposed writing. Such a professional is the founder of a clinic where patients are humanely and comprehensively approached. While lacking the epic character of other cinematographic productions on doctors and Medicine, the humanism constantly hovers throughout the plot.In addition, being a romantic and dramatic comedy, it does not avoid dealing some controversial issues for the then current anti-communist McCarthyism.The aforementioned medical humanization and this underlying plus in an a priori light fiction stimulated and guided the drafting of this paper. (AU)